Efforts to extend military drone endurance have triggered growing interest in alternatives to lithium batteries, including fuel cells, solar-powered systems,
International Space Station pictured from the SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour in Nov. 2021. A singular ~120 kW AI rack would demand a similar power system in orbit — without the benefit of new large roll-out solar arrays. Photo courtesy of NASA
Electrical engineering PhD student Saivineeth Penukula holds up a chip in a clean room at the ASU MacroTechnology Works Building in Tempe on July 28, 2025. Photo by Samantha Chow/Arizona State University
Offshore advanced chip packaging could introduce hidden dependencies, expose sensitive design, and limit the United States’ development of advanced artificial